- Sarnissa-french-aquaculture - University of Stirling Mailing Lists

[Sarnissa-french-aquaculture] L'éveil d'un géant africain?
by Lionel Dabbadie 22 Jun '09

22 Jun '09

............................................................................................................................................... COMMUNIQUÉ DE PRESSE 09/59 FR Contact: Hilary Clarke Relations presse, FAO (+33) 06 570 52514 hilary.clarke(a)fao.org L'éveil d'un géant africain? 400 millions d’hectares de savane guinéenne exploitables commercialement Rome, 22 juin 2009 - Une vaste bande de savane africaine traversant 25 pays a le potentiel de transformer plusieurs pays africains en protagonistes mondiaux en matière de production de matières premières agricoles, selon un ouvrage que vient de publier la FAO et la Banque Mondiale. L'ouvrage, en anglais, intitulé Awakening Africa's Sleeping Giant - Prospects for Commercial Agriculture in the Guinea Savannah Zone and Beyond tire ces conclusions positives en comparant la région en question au nord-est thaïlandais et au Campo Cerrado brésilien. Aujourd'hui, seulement 10 pour cent de la savane guinéenne - vaste étendue de quelque 600 millions d'hectares (du Sénégal jusqu'en Afrique du Sud) dont 400 millions conviennent à l'exploitation agricole - est effectivement cultivé. La savane guinéenne, tout comme le Cerrado et le nord-est de la Thaïlande, présente des inconvénients géophysiques: cycles de pluie abondants mais imprévisibles, des sols pauvres et une densité élevée de la population dans le cas de la Thaïlande; isolement, sols enclins à l'acidité et aux toxines et faible densité de population pour le Cerrado. Cependant, les gouvernements qui se sont succédé dans les deux pays ont créé les conditions favorables à la croissance agricole, conditions, selon le livre, «caractérisées par des politiques macroéconomiques propices, une infrastructure appropriée, un capital humain important, des services administratifs compétents et une stabilité politique». Certes, selon l'étude, l'Afrique est, aujourd'hui, mieux placée pour parvenir au développement rapide de son agriculture que ne l'était le nord-est de la Thaïlande ou le Cerrado au moment de la transformation de leur agriculture à partir de 1980. Il y a plusieurs raisons à cela: une croissance rapide de l'économie, de la population et des villes qui a favorisé l'expansion des marchés internes; des conjonctures politiques intérieures favorables et une amélioration du monde des affaires dans beaucoup de pays; des investissements domestiques et étrangers accrus vers l'agriculture ainsi que le recours aux nouvelles technologies. Les petits exploitants en première ligne Selon l'étude, pour que le développement soit équitable et pour éviter tout conflit social, il faudrait que la transformation de l'agriculture soit conduite par les petits exploitants agricoles, suivant en cela le modèle thaïlandais, et contrairement à ce qui s'est passé au Brésil (grosses exploitations agricoles dirigées par de riches fermiers). «L'agriculture commerciale en Afrique peut et doit impliquer les petits exploitants afin de maximiser la croissance et d'en étendre largement les bénéfices», affirme Michael Morris, éminent économiste agricole auprès de la Banque mondiale, à Madagascar. «La production mécanisée à grande échelle n'offre pas d'avantages évidents en ce qui concerne les coûts, sauf dans certaines circonstances spécifiques, et elle conduirait plutôt à des conflits sociaux», a-t-il ajouté. L'expérience de la Thaïlande et du Brésil montre que lorsque des petits fermiers sont impliqués dans le développement, cela stimule la demande locale tout en accélérant la réduction de la pauvreté. Toutefois, dans le cas de produits de base de faible valeur marchande, il est peu probable que des ménages exploitant un, deux hectares ou moins gagnent suffisamment d'argent pour sortir de leur condition de pauvres. Aussi le modèle émergeant d'agriculture commerciale en savane guinéenne doit-il fournir aux producteurs de ces produits des opportunités de diversification, selon l'étude. Les coûts pour l'environnement L'utilisation des terres de la savane guinéenne pour l'agriculture entraînera inévitablement des coûts pour l'environnement, mais cette agriculture peut elle-même être bénéfique pour l'environnement, indique l'étude. «La commercialisation de l'agriculture grâce à l'intensification peut réduire les dégâts causés à l'environnement en ralentissant la progression de l'agriculture vers des terres fragiles et/ou précieuses pour l'environnement», affirme encore Michael Morris. «Toutefois, l'intensification comporte des risques pour l'environnement du fait de la destruction d'écosystèmes vulnérables et de l'utilisation excessive d'engrais et de pesticides. En cas d'intensification de l'agriculture, les gouvernements doivent prendre soin d'en surveiller les effets sur l'environnement et mettre en place des mesures pour réduire ou éviter les dégâts. A cet égard, il est heureusement possible de tirer des leçons de la masse d'expériences accumulées par différents pays», indique pour sa part Guy Evers, chef du Service Afrique au Centre d'investissement de la FAO. L'ouvrage dont il est question ici est une version abrégée d'une étude réalisée par des fonctionnaires de la Banque mondiale avec le concours technique d'experts de la FAO et un financement de l'Italie. Nouvelles FAO sur l'Internet: http://www.fao.org/newsroom/fr/ ............................................................................................................................................... Radio: Liliane Kambirigi, Chargée d'information (Radio), (+39) 06 570 53223 TV: Bou Downes, Chargée d'information (TV), tel. (+39) 06 570 55980 / 53963 Photos: La phototèque de la FAO offre des photos de résolution supérieure sans aucun coût: http://www.fao.org/newsroom/fr/photo/index.html Ce communiqué de presse a été publié par le Bureau Relations avec les médias FAO (FAO, www.fao.org) Pour vous désabonner de ce service des nouvelles, veuillez envoyer un courriel au mailserv(a)mailserv.fao.org avec uniquement le message suivant "unsubscribe Media-G-French-L" -- http://agents.cirad.fr/index.php/lionel.dabbadie

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[{SPAM?} score 11.5] Re : [Sarnissa-french-aquaculture] RE : [{SPAM?} score 8.1] RE: Appel à propostion : Etudes de Cas
by Athanase OTCHOUMOU KRAIDY 16 Jun '09

16 Jun '09

Salut cher Simon Toutes nos condoléances, toute l'équipe est avec toi. Cordialement. Athanase --- En date de : Lun 15.6.09, Simon Mutala <S.Mutala(a)cgiar.org> a écrit : De: Simon Mutala <S.Mutala(a)cgiar.org> Objet: [Sarnissa-french-aquaculture] RE : [{SPAM?} score 8.1] RE: Appel à propostion : Etudes de Cas À: sarnissa-french-aquaculture(a)lists.stir.ac.uk, sarnissa-french-aquaculture(a)lists.stir.ac.uk Date: Lundi 15 Juin 2009, 15h00 Re: [Sarnissa-french-aquaculture] [{SPAM?} score 8.1] RE: Appel à propostion : Etudes de Cas Cher Olivier, Merci pour votre message de rappel, je ne pouvais pas repondre à cette date parce que je venais de perdre ma fille agée de 25 ans en date du 8 Juin 2009. A ce sujet, je vous rappele avoir envoyé le draft de notre étude pour votre appreciation, je me permet encore de l'envoyer ci attaché et espere avoir votre commentaire si possible. Meilleures salutations. Simon De: sarnissa-french-aquaculture-bounces(a)lists.stir.ac.uk de la part de Olivier MIKOLASEK Date: mar. 9/06/2009 9:58 À: sarnissa-french-aquaculture(a)lists.stir.ac.uk Objet : Re: [Sarnissa-french-aquaculture] [{SPAM?} score 8.1] RE: Appel à propostion : Etudes de Cas bonjour, Dans une semaine, nous allons clore ce premier appel. Les propositions n'ont pas afflué. Pourriez vous nous donnez vos raisons ? Je vous joins, enfin, la première étude de cas de langue française acceptée par SARNISSA. Il s'agit de celle de la Royal Fish Benin qui fait parti du premier lot d'études de cas initié en mars 2009. Plusieurs autres du même lot sont en cours d'édition. bonne journée à toutes et tous, Olivier Olivier MIKOLASEK a écrit : > bonjour, > en fait il s'agit de se proposer pour écrire une études de cas qui > relate une expérience dans le domaine de l'aquaculture (ex la création > et les modalités de gestion de Royal Fish Benin proposé par Maurice D) > ou un travail de synthèse sur un sujet particulier (ex la synthèse sur > l'Heterotis proposé par Monentcham qui vient de terminer sa thèse de > doctorat sur le sujet). > Le résumé doit nous permettre d'évaluer l'intérêt ou l'originalité de > l'étude de cas proposée. > bien cordialement, > Olivier > > Geovanne NZIENGUI a écrit : >> bonjour her Olivier et à tous, >> tu as raison de nous bouster par rapport à la lenteur que nous >> accusons sur la >> propositin d'études de cas. si je comprends bien il s'agit de sortir >> des thématiques >> locales que nous aimerions voir abordé dans nos états? ou des projets >> déjà réalisés? ou des >> projets d'avenir? j'avoue me perdre un peu. pour ma part j'aimerai >> bien voir aborder les aspects >> suivants: >> Profesionnalisation et structuration de la filière aquacole en Afrique >> Valorisationdes des sous produits agricoles locaux dans la >> formulation d'aliments aquacoles >> Création d'une structure interface entre la recherche aquacole et les >> aquaculteurs >> Domestication des espèces autochtones (marines et d'eau douce) >> Identification des sites pour promouvoir la pisciculture marine en >> Afrique ub saharienne >> si je suis à coté de la plaque veuillez me canaliser >> >> Géovanne Aymar NZIENGUI DJIEMBI >> SMEL, Plagette >> 1 Quai de la Daurade >> 34 200 >> SETE >> Master BGAE/EFDD/BAEMT >> Université Montpellier II >> Sciences et techniques du Languedoc >> +(33)... 0 >> >> >> >> >> > Date: Mon, 1 Jun 2009 10:22:15 +0100 >> > From: olivier.mikolasek(a)cirad.fr >> > To: william.leschen(a)stir.ac.uk >> > CC: g.richards(a)cabi.org; sarnissa-french-aquaculture(a)lists.stir.ac.uk >> > Subject: [Sarnissa-french-aquaculture] Appel à propostion : Etudes >> de Cas >> > >> > bonjour à tous, >> > voilà une dizaine de jours que nous avons lancé cet appel à >> propositions >> > d'études de cas, et nous avons jusqu'à présent reçu qu'une réponse de >> > Fanseri BOUARE de Ségou au Mali (côté forum anglophone >> > 1. il nous propose 3 résumés la première portant sur la >> pisciculture sur >> > les périmètres irrigués de l'Office du Niger (500.000 ha si je ne me >> > trompe pas) , la deuxième sur la gestion piscicoles des mares >> attenantes >> > au Fleuve Niger (et notamment leur rôle dans le renouvellement des >> > stocks) et la troisième sur la gestion intégrée de la pisciculture >> dans >> > les aménagements hydroagricoles. Le thème de la gestion des mares et >> > l'intégration de la pisciculture dans les périmètre hydroagricoles >> > intéresse principalement la vallée du fleuve Sénégal (bassin de >> > rétention, voir les premiers échanges du forum), Niger (aménagement >> des >> > bras morts...) , Volta (expériences du projet gestion de la pêche dans >> > le sud-ouest, BF) et bien d'autres cours d'eau d'Afrique de l'Ouest >> mais >> > aussi Central. J'ai travaillé sur ce sujet au Niger et je sais que >> nous >> > n'avons pas publiés les résultats de nos expériences (voir ci-dessous >> > les demandes d'études de cas en cours). De nombreux séminaires se sont >> > tenus sur ce sujet au Mali , Burkina Faso....Sarnissa nous en donne >> > l'occasion de faire publier cette littérature grise et d'en tirer >> > quelques conclusions de la part des acteurs de ces nombreuses >> > expériences (ci-joint une bibliographie incomplète tirée d'un >> > communication que nous avions faites sur le sujet). >> > 2. je vous joint pour votre information le titre des études la >> situation >> > des études de cas en cours de rédaction et d'édition; l'appel à >> > proposition; et une bliblio mares: >> > >> > Qu'est ce qui vous arrête ? On pourrait en parler. >> > bien cordialement à toutes et tous, producteurs, chercheurs, >> > prestataires, conseillers etc. >> > Olivier >> > P/S:// et de votre côté vous êtes peut-être aussi en attente de la >> > sortie de la première étude de cas Afrique de l'Ouest et Centrale, >> cela >> > va sortir./ >> > Attention mon email est : mikolasek(a)cirad.fr et non mikolasec(a)cirad.fr >> > >> > >> > Pour vous informer et vous inspirer: >> > -------------------------------------------- >> > >> > Etudes de cas en cours de rédaction ou d’édition au 1 juin 2009 >> (Afrique >> > de l’Ouest et Central) : titre et état d’avancement >> > >> > 1. Catfish culture in concrete tanks in Nigeria Victor : written - >> > past author deadline >> > 2. Royal Fish Benin David Nguenga: _reçue et en cours d’édition_ >> > 3. Pobe Fish Farm, Benin: _recue et en cours d’édition_ >> > 4. La gestion piscicole des mares par l’ONG Dabari (Niger): en cours >> > de rédaction ? >> > 5. Histoire de l’écloserie de Michel Diogne (Ouest, Cameroun) : >> > _reçue et en cours d’édition_ >> > 6. Heterotis, state of and West Africa : en cours de rédaction ? >> > 7. Ferme tilapia à Maevatanana (Madagascar): r_eçue et en cours >> > d’édition_ >> > 8. Post conflict peri-urban Aquaculture experiences in Democratic >> > Republic of Congo DRC ? _recue et en cours d’édition_ >> > 9. Analyse de l'évolution de la pisciculture in SSA depuis les années >> > 50 à travers « Notes et documents du CTFT » : en cours de rédaction ? >> > 10. L'expérience de la mare de Rouafi (Niger) : en cours de >> rédaction ? >> > 11. Développement de la pisciculture rurale au Bénin et d’un modèle >> > d’encadrement des producteurs : en attente >> > 12. Micro crédit en poissons pour la relance de la filière aquacole : >> > en attente >> > 13. Potential of green recycling aquaculture system: example of the >> > SARI project in Senegal” (Avantages des circuits fermés en eau >> > verte : exemple du projet SARI au Sénégal) : en cours de rédaction >> > 14. ./.. >> > >> > Etudes de cas, Afrique de l’Est et du Centre >> > >> > 1. A week in the life of a small-scale fish pond farmer in Ghana : >> > Complete - sent to CABI >> > 2. Ornamental fish production in static ponds in Kenya: Being written >> > - past author deadline >> > 3. Lake Harvest Aquaculture/SON : Named author not contacted >> > 4. Development of abalone culture in Wavis Bay, Namibia: Complete - >> > sent to CABI >> > 5. Development of seaweed cultivation in Tanzania: the role of the >> > University of Dar es Salaam and other institutions: Complete - >> > sent to CABI >> > 6. FAO Hatchery Project, Uganda : "OK" - please clarify >> > 7. Tropo Farms, Ghana : "OK" - please clarify >> > 8. Experiences of Innovative small scale fish farmers in Malawi: "OK" >> > - please clarify >> > 9. Cluster farmers producing catfish fingerlings as baitfish for Nile >> > Perch and how this will help conserve biodiversity of Lake >> > Victoria (endemic fish species). written - past author deadline >> > 10. Experiences on development and implementation of an Aquaculture >> > Master Plan in Malawi "OK" - please clarify >> > 11. ./.. >> > >> > >> > L'appel à proposition : >> > >> > > Avez vous une "histoire" à nous raconter sur l'aquaculture >> africaine. >> > > >> > > Si vous en avez une, vous pourrez gagner 300 euros pour la publier >> > > dans Aquaculture Compedium >> (http://www.cabi.org/compendia/ac/index.asp! >> > > >> > > Nous cherchons des candidats pour rédiger des études de cas pour >> > > SARNISSA. Vous pouvez décrire/analyser un projet dans lequel vous >> êtes >> > > engagé, concernant votre travail en aquaculture, ou rédiger une >> > > synthèse dans votre domaine de compétence. >> > > >> > > Les études de cas sont des textes qui font le lien entre la >> théorie et >> > > la pratique en aquaculture ou dans la gestion des ressources >> > > aquatiques. Elles sont constituées d'une dizaine de pages (format >> A4) >> > > ou de 3 à 5 milles mots. Elles peuvent relater des succès ou des >> > > échecs, ou des situations particulières ou des événements qui >> peuvent >> > > être riches en enseignements. >> > > >> > > Regardez les exemples ci-joints. Il s'agira de la première série >> > > d'études de cas publiées en français dans le Compendium Aquaculture >> > > qui n'en compte aucune pour le moment susceptible de servir >> d'exemple. >> > > Certaines sont toutefois en préparation et nous les enverrons aux >> > > membres de SARNISSA dès qu'elles seront prêtes. >> > > >> > > Si vous pensez avoir une ou plusieurs "histoire(s)" à partager, >> > > envoyer nous un titre et un résumé qui ne dépasse pas 300 mots. >> Chaque >> > > participant peut proposer trois études de cas. Employez le >> formulaire >> > > ci-joint pour soumettre vos études de cas. Envoyez votre formulaire >> > > complété par email á: >> > > >> > > Will Leschen: william.leschen(a)stir.ac.uk >> > > <mailto:william.leschen@stir.ac.uk> >> > > >> > > et Olivier Mikolasek olivier.mikolasek(a)cirad.fr >> > > <mailto:olivier.mikolasec@cirad.fr> >> > > >> > > Les auteurs qui auront les meilleurs idées, seront sollicités pour >> > > rédiger une étude de cas complète, et la procédure de rédaction >> > > terminée, ils bénéficieront: >> > > >> > > d'un paiement de 300 euros >> > > >> > > d'un accés en ligne à AC jusqu'en février 2011 et d'une nouvelle >> > > >> > > référence dans leur CV suivant l'intitulé ci-après >> > > >> > > [Author name], 2009. [The title of author's case study]. In: >> > > Aquaculture Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. >> > > >> > > Le paiement des Etudes de Cas ne sera effectué qu'à l'achèvement du >> > > travail sur la demande du consortium SARNISSA >> > > >> > > Par ailleurs, les auteurs des études jugées les plus intéressantes, >> > > deux en anglais et deux en français seront dotés d'un ouvrage sur >> > > l'Aquaculture par Stirling University, WorldFish Center et le CIRAD. >> > > >> > > La date limite de soumission de l'étude de cas est le 15 juin 2009. >> > > >> > > Merci de faire bénéficier l'aquaculture de votre experience. >> > > >> > > Will Leschen et Olivier Mikolasek >> > > >> > > SARNISSA >> > > >> > Elément de Bibliographie mare in >> > >> > Tomedi M., Vander Stuyft S, Mikolasek O., 2006, Approche >> méthodologique >> > de la co-gestion des ressources en poissons des petites et moyennes >> > collections d’eau en zone soudano-sahélienne du Nord Cameroun. >> > Proceedings 2nd RNSCC International Seminar. Community-Based >> > Conservation. Yaoundé, Cameroun. pp 101-111 >> > >> > >> > >> > Anonyme, 2003. Rapport général de l’atelier international sur >> > l’amplification des ressources halieutiques à travers la gestion >> > participative : leçons et perspectives. PEMDP, GTZ et Ministère de >> > l’Agriculture, de l’hydraulique et des ressources halieutiques >> (Burkina >> > Faso), 18 pages + annexes >> > >> > Baijot E., J. Moreau et S. Bouda, 1994. /Aspects hydrobiologiques et >> > piscicoles des retenues d’eau en zone soudano sahélienne/, Cas du >> > Burkina Faso. Centre Technique de Coopération Agricole et Rurale >> > ACP/CEE. 250 pages >> > >> > Belal E., 2003. Les pêches amplifiées dans la plaine d’inondation de >> > Waza Logone (Yaérés), Province de l’Extrême Nord, Cameroun. In Rapport >> > général de l’atelier international sur l’amplification des ressources >> > halieutiques à travers la gestion participative : leçons et >> > perspectives. PEMDP, GTZ et Ministère de l’Agriculture, de >> l’hydraulique >> > et des ressources halieutiques (Burkina Faso), annexe 3 pages 49-59 >> > >> > Bierschenk T., J.P. Olivier de Sardan, ECRIS: Rapide Collective >> Inquiry >> > for the Identification of Conflicts and Stratégic Groups. Human >> > Organization, Vol.56.N°.2, 1997, p 238-244 >> > >> > CEDC, 2002. Etude des activités anthropiques sur la retenue de Lagdo. >> > MEAVSB. Garoua-Cameroun, 73 Pages. >> > >> > De Silva, S. S. (2003). “Culture-based fisheries: an underutilised >> > opportunity in aquaculture development.” /Aquaculture/ *221*(1-4): >> 221-243. >> > >> > Doray^ M., O. Mikolasek, A. Boureima, M. Oswald, 2002. Savoir-faire >> > paysan et exploitation piscicole de mares temporaires en zone >> sahélienne >> > : cas du village de Tafouka (Niger) : In D. Orange, R. Arfi, M. Kuper, >> > P. Morand, Y. Poncet (éd) /: Gestion Intégrée des Ressources >> Naturelles >> > en Zone Inondables Tropicales, /Paris, IRD : 603 - 619 >> > >> > Dufumier M., 1996. Les projets de développement agricole, manuel >> > d’expertise, CTA-KARTHALA, 354 pages. >> > >> > FAO, 1995. Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. FAO Rome, 41 >> pages >> > >> > FAO, 1996. Rôle des communautés villageoises dans l’aménagement des >> > bassins versants. Rome, Italie, 48 pages. >> > >> > GPSO, 2002. Recueil des expériences du projet gestion de la pêche dans >> > le Sud Quest. GTZ, pp. 336 >> > >> > Laë R. , Williams S., Malam Massou A., Morand P. , Mikolasek O., 2004. >> > Review Of The Present State Of Knowledge Of Environment, Fish >> Stocks And >> > Fisheries Of The River Niger (West Africa). Proceedings Of The Second >> > International Symposium On The Management Of Large Rivers For >> Fisheries. >> > Sustaining Livelihoods And Biodiversity In The New Millennium, 11^th - >> > 14^th February 2003, In Phnom Penh, Kingdom Of Cambodia. Edited By >> Robin >> > L. Welcomme And T. Petr. Food And Agriculture Organization Of The >> United >> > Nations & The Mekong River Commission. Rap Publication 2004/16, V >> 1, Pp. >> > 199-277 >> > >> > Liu M., 1997. Fondements et pratiques de la recherche-action, >> > l’Harmattan, 351 pages >> > >> > Mikolasek O., M. Massou, E. Allagdaba, 2000. Appropriation et gestion >> > des espaces piscicoles nigériens par les populations villageoises >> > riveraines. /In/ Didier Gascuel, Pierre Chavance, Nicolas Bez, Alain >> > Biseau (éd.): /Les espaces de l'halieutique/, Paris, IRD : 517-526. >> > >> > Millogo A. et J. Janssen, 1995. Rapport Technique sur le lac >> artificiel >> > temporaire de Koumbia, Projet GPSO. 12 pages >> > >> > NEPAD, 2005. Plan d’action du NEPAD pour le Développement des >> pêcheries >> > et de l’aquaculture en Afrique : Fish as food, Fish for livelihoods, >> > Fish and Environment. Sommet du NEPAD "des poissons pour tous". Abuja, >> > Nigeria, 35 pages. >> > >> > Njouokou S., Kameni A., Toumba G., 2005. Etude des activités >> piscicoles >> > dans les mares naturelles du lit majeur de la Bénoué. Proceedings >> de la >> > semaine scientifique de l’IRAD. 21-26 Juillet. >> > >> > Simon T.P., 1999. Assessing the Sustainability and Biological >> Integrity >> > of Water Resources Using Fish Communities, CRC Press. 671 pages. >> > >> > Toumba G., 2000. Rapport annuel d’activité du centre de pêche de >> Lagdo. >> > Exercice1999/2000. Lagdo. Centre de pêche. Service Provinciale des >> > pêches du nord. MINEPIA, Garoua-Cameroun. 8 pages. >> > >> > Unesco, 2000. /La solution du puzzle : l’approche écosystémique et les >> > réserves de la biosphère/. Paris, Unesco-Mab. >> > >> > Vannuccini S., 2004. Overview of Fish Production, Utilization, >> > Consumption and Trade based on 2002 data, FAO, 19 pages. >> > >> > >> > >> > >> > >> > _______________________________________________ >> > Sarnissa-french-aquaculture mailing list >> > Sarnissa-french-aquaculture(a)lists.stir.ac.uk >> > >> http://lists.stir.ac.uk/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/sarnissa-french-aquaculture >> >> >> ------------------------------------------------------------------------ >> Vous voulez savoir ce que vous pouvez faire avec le nouveau Windows >> Live ? Lancez-vous ! >> <http://www.microsoft.com/windows/windowslive/default.aspx> >> ------------------------------------------------------------------------ >> >> _______________________________________________ >> Sarnissa-french-aquaculture mailing list >> Sarnissa-french-aquaculture(a)lists.stir.ac.uk >> http://lists.stir.ac.uk/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/sarnissa-french-aquaculture >> >> > -----La pièce jointe associée suit----- _______________________________________________ Sarnissa-french-aquaculture mailing list Sarnissa-french-aquaculture(a)lists.stir.ac.uk http://lists.stir.ac.uk/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/sarnissa-french-aquaculture

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[Sarnissa-french-aquaculture] Etudes de Cas
by William Leschen 15 Jun '09

15 Jun '09

Avez vous une "histoire" à nous raconter sur l'aquaculture africaine. Si vous en avez une, vous pourrez gagner 300 euros pour la publier dans Aquaculture Compedium (http://www.cabi.org/compendia/ac/index.asp! Nous cherchons des candidats pour rédiger des études de cas pour SARNISSA. Vous pouvez décrire/analyser un projet dans lequel vous êtes engagé, concernant votre travail en aquaculture, ou rédiger une synthèse dans votre domaine de compétence. Les études de cas sont des textes qui font le lien entre la théorie et la pratique en aquaculture ou dans la gestion des ressources aquatiques. Elles sont constituées d'une dizaine de pages (format A4) ou de 3 à 5 milles mots. Elles peuvent relater des succès ou des échecs, ou des situations particulières ou des événements qui peuvent être riches en enseignements. Regardez les exemples ci-joints. Il s'agira de la première série d'études de cas publiées en français dans le Compendium Aquaculture qui n'en compte aucune pour le moment susceptible de servir d'exemple. Certaines sont toutefois en préparation et nous les enverrons aux membres de SARNISSA dès qu'elles seront prêtes. Si vous pensez avoir une ou plusieurs "histoire(s)" à partager, envoyer nous un titre et un résumé qui ne dépasse pas 300 mots. Chaque participant peut proposer trois études de cas. Employez le formulaire ci-joint pour soumettre vos études de cas. Envoyez votre formulaire complété par email á: Will Leschen: william.leschen(a)stir.ac.uk<mailto:william.leschen@stir.ac.uk> et Olivier Mikolasec olivier.mikolasec(a)cirad.fr<mailto:olivier.mikolasec@cirad.fr> Les auteurs qui auront les meilleurs idées, seront sollicités pour rédiger une étude de cas complète, et la procédure de rédaction terminée, ils bénéficieront: d'un paiement de 300 euros d'un accés en ligne à AC jusqu'en février 2011 et d'une nouvelle référence dans leur CV suivant l'intitulé ci-après [Author name], 2009. [The title of author's case study]. In: Aquaculture Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. Le paiement des Etudes de Cas ne sera effectué qu'à l'achèvement du travail sur la demande du consortium SARNISSA Par ailleurs, les auteurs des études jugées les plus intéressantes, deux en anglais et deux en français seront dotés d'un ouvrage sur l'Aquaculture par Stirling University, WorldFish Center et le CIRAD. La date limite de soumission de l'étude de cas est le 15 juin 2009. Merci de faire bénéficier l'aquaculture de votre experience. Will Leschen et Olivier Mikolasek SARNISSA P Think Green - don't print this email unless you really need to ************************************************************************ The information contained in this e-mail and any files transmitted with it is confidential and is for the exclusive use of the intended recipient. If you are not the intended recipient please note that any distribution, copying or use of this communication or the information in it is prohibited. Whilst CAB International trading as CABI takes steps to prevent the transmission of viruses via e-mail, we cannot guarantee that any e-mail or attachment is free from computer viruses and you are strongly advised to undertake your own anti-virus precautions. If you have received this communication in error, please notify us by e-mail at cabi(a)cabi.org or by telephone on +44 (0)1491 829199 and then delete the e-mail and any copies of it. CABI is an International Organization recognised by the UK Government under Statutory Instrument 1982 No. 1071. **

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[Sarnissa-french-aquaculture] Re : proposition de l' étude des cas
by Shango Mutambw 10 Jun '09

10 Jun '09

Mon cher André Comment avoir les données que vous disposez sur l'élevage de Clarias. On en aura besoin pour comparer avec ce que nous allons entreprendre bientôt. D'avance merci Prof MUTAMBUE SHANGO Secrétaire Académique et de la Recherche ERAIFT / Université de Kinshasa B.P. 15.373, Kinshasa République Démocratique du Congo Tel : 00 243 815830347 --- En date de : Jeu 4.6.09, ANDRE Mulangu <andremulangu(a)yahoo.fr> a écrit : De: ANDRE Mulangu <andremulangu(a)yahoo.fr> Objet: [Sarnissa-french-aquaculture] proposition de l' étude des cas À: sarnissa-french-aquaculture(a)lists.stir.ac.uk Date: Jeudi 4 Juin 2009, 10h17 Bonjour, Je suis particulièrement intéressé à proposer plusieurs thèmes,mais je puis vous parler d' une experince personnelle dans la nutrition de poissons sur le thème intitulé: Nutrition et qualité de la chair du poisson clarias gariepinus ;de ce thème principal nous pouvons en développer meme deux sous thème experimenter personnellement. Alors,je ne sais pas si je suis dans la voie ou pas de l' étude des cas. Veuillez me le faire savoire pour que je puisse vous envoyer les resumés. Merci bien à vous, Msc.Ir.MULANGU KABAMBA André -----La pièce jointe associée suit----- _______________________________________________ Sarnissa-french-aquaculture mailing list Sarnissa-french-aquaculture(a)lists.stir.ac.uk http://lists.stir.ac.uk/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/sarnissa-french-aquaculture

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[Sarnissa-french-aquaculture] Histoires
by Ndodet Boniface 06 Jun '09

06 Jun '09

Bonjour à tous; J'ai deux histoires à vous proposer sur la pisciculture dans le cadre des avis que vous avez lancés qur SARNISSA. Il s'agit de: 1 - Un étudiant en fin de cycle de formation d'ingénieur pour son mémoire obtient un sujet sur l'alevinage des clarias en étang. Des alevins issus d'une écloserie sont transférés dans six étangs d'alevinage situés à trois kilomètres de la station. En fin de période retenue, l'étudiant procéde à la vidange, compte et pèse les alevins (supposés) avec toute la rigueur scientifique nécessaire. Il ramène ensuite les alevins (supposés) à l'écloserie. Quelle ne fut la surprise générale car en fait d'alevins de clarias ce n'était que des tétards qui a pris pour des clarias. 2 - Des essais de grossissement de Clarias sont conduits dans de petits étangs de deux ares dans le cadre du projet d'élevage du Clarias. Les opérations de récoltes sont sérieusement surveillées pas le chercheur. A un moment donné, les buissons aux alentours du point de vidange bougent au point où l'on a cru à la présence d'un serpent. Branle bas de combat, tout le monde s'équipe de baton ou de machette. Un courageux se rapproche pour voir de près: surprise, ce sont deux gros clarias partiellement mutilés et cachés par les manoeuvres mais comme le clarias n'est pas un poisson à se laisser tuer facilement, ils se sont signalés et cela a valu le licenciement de ces manoeuvres. J'espère ne pas êtrte hors sujet mais dans tous les cas cela vous a certainement fait sourir. Salut à tous

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Re: [Sarnissa-french-aquaculture] Histoires
by Shango Mutambw 05 Jun '09

05 Jun '09

Est-ce cette these sur l'Hetertis est accessible? Merci de nous faire signe dans le meilleur delai Prof MUTAMBUE SHANGO Secrétaire Académique et de la Recherche ERAIFT / Université de Kinshasa B.P. 15.373, Kinshasa République Démocratique du Congo Tel : 00 243 815830347 --- En date de : Ven 5.6.09, Olivier MIKOLASEK <olivier.mikolasek(a)cirad.fr> a écrit : De: Olivier MIKOLASEK <olivier.mikolasek(a)cirad.fr> Objet: Re: [Sarnissa-french-aquaculture] Histoires À: sarnissa-french-aquaculture(a)lists.stir.ac.uk Cc: lionel.dabbadie(a)cirad.fr Date: Vendredi 5 Juin 2009, 11h47 bonjour Boniface, merci pour tes histoires; en fait je m'aperçois j'ai fait une traduction trop littérale de l'anglais. En fait les "histoires" que nous attendons sont en fait des études de cas (selon le canevas proposé) qui fait par exemple l'historique" (pour prendre un exemple de ton pays la RCA) et décrit les techniques de la production de spiruline soutenue par l'ONG "Nutrition Bangui" ou encore celle d'une coopérative d'aquaculteurs, etc...cela peut-être aussi un travail de synthèse sur un sujet qui semble porteur, comme par exemple l'"état de l'art" qui a té proposé sur l'élevage de heterotis par Monentcham qui a soutenu tout récemment sa thèse de doctorat sur "Alimentation et nutrition des juvéniles de H. niloticus". bien cordialement Olivier Ndodet Boniface a écrit : > Bonjour à tous; > J'ai deux histoires à vous proposer sur la pisciculture dans le cadre > des avis que vous avez lancés qur SARNISSA. Il s'agit de: > 1 - Un étudiant en fin de cycle de formation d'ingénieur pour son > mémoire obtient un sujet sur l'alevinage des clarias en étang. Des > alevins issus d'une écloserie sont transférés dans six étangs > d'alevinage situés à trois kilomètres de la station. En fin de période > retenue, l'étudiant procéde à la vidange, compte et pèse les alevins > (supposés) avec toute la rigueur scientifique nécessaire. Il ramène > ensuite les alevins (supposés) à l'écloserie. Quelle ne fut la > surprise générale car en fait d'alevins de clarias ce n'était que des > tétards qui a pris pour des clarias. > > 2 - Des essais de grossissement de Clarias sont conduits dans de > petits étangs de deux ares dans le cadre du projet d'élevage du > Clarias. Les opérations de récoltes sont sérieusement surveillées pas > le chercheur. A un moment donné, les buissons aux alentours du point > de vidange bougent au point où l'on a cru à la présence d'un serpent. > Branle bas de combat, tout le monde s'équipe de baton ou de machette. > Un courageux se rapproche pour voir de près: surprise, ce sont deux > gros clarias partiellement mutilés et cachés par les manoeuvres mais > comme le clarias n'est pas un poisson à se laisser tuer facilement, > ils se sont signalés et cela a valu le licenciement de ces manoeuvres. > > J'espère ne pas êtrte hors sujet mais dans tous les cas cela vous a > certainement fait sourir. > Salut à tous > > > ------------------------------------------------------------------------ > > _______________________________________________ > Sarnissa-french-aquaculture mailing list > Sarnissa-french-aquaculture(a)lists.stir.ac.uk > http://lists.stir.ac.uk/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/sarnissa-french-aquaculture > _______________________________________________ Sarnissa-french-aquaculture mailing list Sarnissa-french-aquaculture(a)lists.stir.ac.uk http://lists.stir.ac.uk/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/sarnissa-french-aquaculture

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[Sarnissa-french-aquaculture] Fwd: Launch of FAO Biotech e-mail Conf. 16 (Learning from the past)
by JFBaroiller 05 Jun '09

05 Jun '09

Pensez-vous que ce soit intéressant de diffuser cette annonce d'un forum FAO sur le Net sur les Biotech en Afrique ? Il est encore possible de s'y inscrire et d'y participer le jour dit. On peut aussi s'y inscrire et juste lire les échanges sans intervenir. Amicalement, JF >X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.1.4 (2006-07-25) on queyras.cirad.fr >X-Spam-Level: **** >X-Spam-Status: No, score=4.6 required=5.0 tests=ADVANCE_FEE_1,AVAILABLE,AWL, > >BAYES_50,HOUSEHOLD,HOW,MONEY,NA_DOLLARS,ORDER,READY,UNPARSEABLE_RELAY > autolearn=no version=3.1.4 >Date: Thu, 04 Jun 2009 17:21:07 +0200 >From: Biotech-Admin <Biotech-Admin(a)fao.org> >Subject: Launch of FAO Biotech e-mail Conf. 16 (Learning from the past) >To: biotech-l(a)mailserv.fao.org >Thread-Topic: Launch of FAO Biotech e-mail Conf. 16 (Learning from the past) >Thread-Index: AcnlKBUrRsLOZOS+Taiq14bgO5t0vQ== >X-MS-Has-Attach: >X-MS-TNEF-Correlator: >List-Owner: <mailto:Biotech-L-Owner@mailserv.fao.org> >List-Post: <mailto:Biotech-L@mailserv.fao.org> >List-Subscribe: <mailto:mailserv@mailserv.fao.org?body=subscribe%20Biotech-L> >List-Unsubscribe: > <mailto:mailserv@mailserv.fao.org?body=unsubscribe%20Biotech-L> >List-Help: <http://www.fao.org/Mailnews/Mailserv.htm> >X-OriginalArrivalTime: 04 Jun 2009 15:21:07.0878 (UTC) > FILETIME=[157DAC60:01C9E528] >X-MIME-Autoconverted: from quoted-printable to >8bit by cirad.cirad.fr id n54GJYlx017722 > >Dear Forum Members, > >We wish to announce that Conference 16 of the FAO Biotechnology Forum begins >on Monday 8 June and runs for four weeks, finishing on Sunday 5 July 2009. >The title of the conference is "Learning from the past: Successes and >failures with agricultural biotechnologies in developing countries over the >last 20 years". > >The aim of the e-mail conference is to bring together and discuss relevant, >often previously un-documented, past experiences of applying biotechnologies >at the field level (i.e. used by farmers for commercial production) in >developing countries, assess the success or failure (partial or complete) of >their application, and determine and evaluate the key factors that were >responsible for their relative success or failure. > >The e-mail conference is being organised to complement a series of five >technical sector-specific documents (on biotechnology applications in crops, >forestry, livestock, fisheries and aquaculture and, finally, food processing >and food safety) that FAO is preparing as part of the build up to the >international technical conference on Agricultural Biotechnologies in >Developing Countries (ABDC-09). ABDC-09 will take place in Guadalajara, >Mexico on 2-5 November 2009 and is being co-organized by FAO and the >Government of Mexico (http://www.fao.org/biotech/abdc/conference-home/en/) > >This e-mail conference, as usual, is open to everyone, is free and will be >moderated. The purpose of this message is to provide you with the Background >Document for the conference and to invite you to join. The Background >Document is now also available on the web - at >http://www.fao.org/biotech/C16doc.htm (in HTML) and >http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/abdc/documents/forumbd.pdf (PDF). > >The Background Document aims to provide information about the conference >theme that participants will find useful for the debate. After the >Introduction, Section 2 of the document provides a overview of the main kinds >of agricultural biotechnologies that have been used in developing countries >over the past 20 years and that should be covered in the e-mail conference >(including use of molecular markers, genetic modification, chromosome number >manipulation, biotechnology-based diagnostics, development of vaccines using >biotechnologies, reproductive biotechnologies in livestock and aquaculture, >cryopreservation, tissue culture-based techniques, mutagenesis, fermentation, >biofertilisers and biopesticides). A short description of the different >biotechnologies is provided, indicating also what they are used for, the food >and agricultural sectors involved and giving some examples of their >applications in specific developing countries. Section 3 presents some >specific guidance about this e-mail conference, including a description of >the issues participants should address as well as potential factors to >consider when assessing whether specific applications of a biotechnology have >been a partial or complete success (or failure). In the final section, >references to articles mentioned in the document, abbreviations and >acknowledgements are provided. > >As for all previous conferences hosted by the FAO Biotechnology Forum, a >document will be prepared after the e-mail conference is finished to provide >a summary of the main issues that were discussed, based on the messages >posted by the participants. > >Please pass this information on to other colleagues who might be interested >in joining the conference. As the Background Document sets the scene for the >conference and highlights the elements to be discussed, it should be read >carefully by members wishing to participate in the conference. > >NB NB NB NB NB !!!!! You, as a Forum member, are NOT automatically subscribed >to this conference. Instead, if you wish to join, you should subscribe >yourself. > >I. TO SUBSCRIBE TO CONFERENCE 16: > >To subscribe, please send an e-mail message to mailserv(a)mailserv.fao.org >leaving the subject blank and entering the one-line text message as follows: >subscribe biotech-room4 > >No other text should be added to the message (e.g. mail signature). > >Note, you must first be a member of the Forum to subscribe to the conference. >If someone wishes to both join the Forum and subscribe to the conference, >they should send an e-mail to mailserv(a)mailserv.fao.org leaving the subject >blank and entering the following text on two separate lines: >subscribe BIOTECH-L >subscribe biotech-room4 > >II. TO UNSUBSCRIBE FROM CONFERENCE 16: > >You may leave the conference whenever you wish. This can be done by sending >an e-mail message to mailserv(a)mailserv.fao.org leaving the subject blank and >entering the one-line text message as follows: >unsubscribe biotech-room4 > >No other text should be added to the message (e.g. mail signature). > >III. TO SEND A MESSAGE TO CONFERENCE 16: > >This conference is quite short, lasting just four weeks. We encourage you >therefore to participate actively right from the beginning of the conference. >You can send messages now. Messages will be posted from Monday 8 June onwards >while the last day for receiving messages for posting will be Sunday 5 July >2009. All the e-mail messages posted during the conference will be placed on >the Forum website at http://www.fao.org/biotech/logs/c16logs.htm > >To contribute to the conference, send your message to >biotech-room4(a)mailserv.fao.org > >Before doing this, remember to carefully read the Rules of the Forum as well >as the Guidelines for Participation in e-mail Conferences, which you got by >e-mail in the Welcome Text when you first joined the Forum (also available on >the Forum website http://www.fao.org/biotech/forum.asp) Note: participants >are assumed to be speaking on their own behalf and not on behalf of their >employers, unless they state otherwise. > >IV. ARCHIVES: > >All messages posted during the conference will be stored and can be >retrieved. The messages are stored in monthly files. To retrieve them you >send an e-mail message and the stored messages are sent to you by return as >an e-mail message. > >To get all the messages posted in the conference during June 2009, send an >e-mail message to mailserv(a)mailserv.fao.org leaving the subject blank and >enter the one-line text message as follows: >send listlog/biotech-room4.jun2009 > >To get all messages posted during July 2009, send an e-mail message to >mailserv(a)mailserv.fao.org leaving the subject blank and enter the one-line >text message as follows: >send listlog/biotech-room4.jul2009 > >Note: lower case letters as shown here, and not upper case letters, must be >used. No other text should be added to the message (e.g., mail signature). > >V. CONTACTING US: > >This e-mail conference will be moderated, so that all messages will be read >before they are posted to ensure that they follow the Guidelines for >Participation in e-mail Conferences and the Rules of the Forum (e.g. that >they are not offensive), are not too long (600 words should be the maximum >length) and are directly relevant to the topic of the conference. If you have >questions or comments about this e-mail conference you may contact the >conference moderator, John Ruane, at biotech-mod4(a)fao.org. > >Note, for security reasons no e-mail messages are ever sent out to this Forum >or its e-mail conferences with attachments. If you happen to receive a >message with an e-mail attachment, just delete it without opening the >attachment. > >If you wish to leave this Forum, send an e-mail to mailserv(a)mailserv.fao.org >leaving the subject blank and entering the following text: >unsubscribe BIOTECH-L > >Best regards > >John > >John Ruane, PhD >FAO Biotechnology Forum Administrator >E-mail address: Biotech-Admin(a)fao.org >FAO website http://www.fao.org >Forum website http://www.fao.org/biotech/forum.asp >FAO Biotechnology website http://www.fao.org/biotech/index.asp > >********************************************** >VI. BACKGROUND DOCUMENT TO CONFERENCE 16: > >Learning from the past: Successes and failures with agricultural >biotechnologies in developing countries over the last 20 years > >CONTENTS > >1. Introduction >2. Agricultural Biotechnologies in Developing Countries >2.1 Molecular markers >2.2 Genetic modification >2.3 Chromosome number manipulation >2.4 Biotechnology-based diagnostics >2.5 Development of vaccines using biotechnologies >2.6 Reproductive biotechnologies > 2.6.1 Artificial insemination > 2.6.2 Embryo transfer > 2.6.3 Hormonal treatment in aquaculture > 2.6.4 Sperm/embryo sexing >2.7 Cryopreservation >2.8 Tissue culture-based techniques > 2.8.1 Micropropagation > 2.8.2 In vitro slow growth storage > 2.8.3 In vitro embryo rescue >2.9 Mutagenesis >2.10 Fermentation >2.11 Biofertilisers >2.12 Biopesticides >3. Specific Points About This E-mail Conference >3.1 Issues to be addressed in the e-mail conference >3.2 Defining success and failure >3.3 Covering GM versus non-GM biotechnologies >3.4 Submitting a message >4. References, Abbreviations and Acknowledgements > >1. Introduction > >The FAO international technical conference on "Agricultural biotechnologies >in developing countries: Options and opportunities in crops, forestry, >livestock, fisheries and agro-industry to face the challenges of food >insecurity and climate change" (ABDC-09) will take place in Guadalajara, >Mexico on 2-5 November 2009. ABDC-09 is co-organized by FAO and the >Government of Mexico (http://www.fao.org/biotech/abdc/conference-home/en/) > >Impetus for the conference comes from the need for concrete steps to be taken >to move beyond the "business-as-usual" approach and to respond to the growing >food insecurity in developing countries, particularly in light of climate >change that will worsen the living conditions of farmers, fishers and >forest-dependent people who are already vulnerable and food insecure. The >recent increases in food prices have had dramatic consequences globally. In >October 2008, FAO released its major report on "The State of Food Insecurity >in the World" indicating that in 2007, mainly because of rising food prices, >the number of hungry people in the world increased by 75 million (FAO, >2008a). Although international prices have now declined somewhat, the >problems of food insecurity and hunger remain and the challenges they pose >are particularly difficult for the rural poor, who make up an estimated 75 >percent of the world's 963 million hungry people. > >ABDC-09 aims to be a stock-taking exercise across the different food and >agricultural sectors, describing the current status and analysing previous >successes/failures in order to learn from the past and make recommendations >for the future. The ability to look back and learn from the past is possible >because a large number of biotechnology tools are available and some of them >have already been used for many years in a wide range of developing >countries. For example, a survey carried out by FAO nearly 20 years ago on >the use of artificial insemination indicated that over 16 million cattle were >inseminated in developing countries in 1990/1991 (Chupin, 1992). One of the >expected outputs from ABDC-09 is therefore an analysis of the reasons for the >success and failure of application of different biotechnologies in developing >countries in the past >(http://www.fao.org/biotech/abdc/about/confoutputs/en/) > >As part of the build up to ABDC-09, FAO is preparing a series of five >technical sector-specific documents, on biotechnology applications in crops, >forestry, livestock, fisheries and aquaculture and, finally, food processing >and food safety (FAO, 2009a-e). Each one aims to document the current status >of application of biotechnologies in developing countries in its sector; >provide an analysis of the reasons for successes/failures of application of >biotechnologies in developing countries; present some relevant case studies; >and make recommendations for the future >(http://www.fao.org/biotech/abdc/backdocs/en/) To complement these >documents, the FAO Biotechnology Forum is hosting this cross-sectoral e-mail >conference on "Learning from the past: Successes and failures with >agricultural biotechnologies in developing countries over the last 20 years" >to bring together and discuss relevant, often un-documented, past experiences >of applying biotechnologies in developing countries, ascertain the success or >failure (partial or full) of these experiences, and determine and evaluate >the key factors that were responsible for their success or failure. > >In this e-mail conference, as well as ABDC-09, the term agricultural >biotechnology encompasses a variety of technologies used in food and >agriculture, for a range of different purposes such as the genetic >improvement of plant varieties and animal populations to increase their >yields or efficiency; genetic characterization and conservation of genetic >resources; plant or animal disease diagnosis; vaccine development; and >improvement of feeds. Some of these technologies may be applied to all the >food and agricultural sectors, such as the use of molecular markers or >genetic modification, while others are more sector-specific, such as tissue >culture (in crops and forest trees), embryo transfer (livestock) or >sex-reversal (fish). Note, the term agriculture includes the production of >crops, livestock, fish and forestry products, so the term 'agricultural >biotechnologies' encompasses their use in any of these sectors. > >This Background Document aims to provide information that participants will >find useful for the e-mail conference. In Section 2 an overview is provided >of the different agricultural biotechnologies to be considered. Section 3 >presents some specific guidance about this e-mail conference. Section 4 >provides references of articles mentioned in the document, abbreviations and >acknowledgements. > >2. Agricultural Biotechnologies in Developing Countries > >Here we provide a brief overview of the main kinds of agricultural >biotechnologies that have been used in developing countries over the past 20 >years and that should be covered in the e-mail conference. They are described >separately, although in practice more than one may be used together in >certain situations (e.g. in wide crossing programs, see Section 2.8.3). Note, >new biotechnologies that are still at the research level, be it in the >laboratory or at the field trial stage, but which have not yet been applied >(i.e. used for commercial production by farmers) in developing countries are >not included. > >A short description of the different biotechnologies is provided below, >indicating also what they are used for, the food and agricultural sectors >involved and giving some examples of their applications in specific >developing countries. Regarding the examples, their inclusion in the document >does not imply that these applications have been a partial or complete >success (or, conversely, that they have been any kind of a failure). Indeed, >these are the kind of issues to be addressed by participants during this >e-mail conference. Also, it should be kept in mind that, although not the >subject of this e-mail conference, the pathway from a research development in >the laboratory to its eventual application in the field (e.g. farmers >cultivating a new genetically improved plant variety or using a new vaccine >against an animal disease) can be long, resource-demanding and unsuccessful, >so many biotechnologies of seemingly high promise at the experimental stage >have had limited applications in developing countries so far. > >As many of the biotechnologies described below are related to molecular >biology and genetic material, some basic terminology is introduced here. >Living things are made up of cells that are programmed by genetic material >called DNA. A DNA molecule is made up of a long chain of nitrogen-containing >bases. Only a small fraction of this DNA sequence typically makes up genes >i.e. that code for proteins, which are molecules essential for the >functioning of living cells, made up of chains of amino acids. The remaining >and major share of the DNA represents non-coding sequences whose role is not >yet clearly understood. The genetic material is organized into sets of >chromosomes (e.g. 5 pairs in Arabidopsis thaliana - a model plant species; 30 >pairs in cattle), and the entire set is called the genome. In a diploid >individual (i.e. where chromosomes are organized in pairs), there are two >alleles of every gene - one from each parent - transmitted by gametes >(reproductive cells) that are normally haploid (having just one of each of >the pairs of chromosomes). A typical genome contains several thousand genes >e.g. about 30,000 genes in grasses like rice and sorghum (Paterson et al, >2009). Definitions of technical terms used below can be found in the FAO >Biotechnology Glossary (http://www.fao.org/biotech/index_glossary.asp) > >2.1 Molecular markers > >Molecular markers are identifiable DNA sequences, found at specific locations >of the genome, transmitted by standard Mendelian laws of inheritance from one >generation to the next. They rely on a DNA assay and a range of different >kinds of molecular marker systems exist, such as restriction fragment length >polymorphisms (RFLPs), random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), amplified >fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and microsatellites. The technology has >improved in the past decade and faster, cheaper systems like single >nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are increasingly being used. The different >marker systems may vary in aspects such as their technical requirements, the >amount of time, money and labour needed and the number of genetic markers >that can be detected throughout the genome. > >Molecular markers have been used in laboratories since the late 1970s and >they are applied across all the food and agricultural sectors. They are very >versatile and can be used for a variety of purposes. Thus, they are used in >genetic improvement, through so-called marker-assisted selection (MAS), where >markers physically located beside (or, even, within) genes of interest (such >as those affecting yield in maize) are used to select favourable variants of >the genes (FAO, 2007a). MAS is made possible by the development of molecular >marker maps, where many markers of known location are interspersed at >relatively short intervals throughout the genome, and the subsequent testing >for statistical associations between marker variants and the traits of >interest. Marker maps are now available for a wide range of economically >important agricultural species (see e.g. FAO, 2007a for details). Progress in >the field of genomics (the study of an organism's entire genome) has also >provided much useful information for MAS, enabling in some cases markers to >be used that are located within the genes of interest. > >Molecular markers are also used to characterize and conserve genetic >resources, where some of the approaches can be applied in each of the crop, >forestry, livestock and fishery sectors (e.g. estimating the genetic >relationships between populations within a species). Other uses again are >more sector-specific, such as their utilization to identify duplicate >accessions in crop genebanks; monitor effective population sizes (Ne) in >capture fish populations or carry out biological studies (e.g. of mating >systems, pollen movement and seed dispersal) in forest tree populations >(Ruane and Sonnino, 2006a). They are also used in disease diagnosis, to >characterize and detect pathogens in livestock, crops, forest trees, fish and >food (see Section 2.4). > >Molecular markers have been used in a number of developing countries. In >livestock, for example, they have been used in four African countries for >characterization of genetic resources and in eight Asian countries, where six >used them for genetic distance studies and two for MAS (FAO, 2007b). In Latin >America and the Caribbean, most countries have used molecular techniques, >primarily for characterization purposes, while their use has been limited in >the Near and Middle East (FAO, 2007b). In crops, several examples of new >hybrids and varieties developed through MAS are available, and in progress, >in different crops, such as pearl millet, rice and maize, and in several >developing countries like Bangladesh, India and Thailand (Varshney et al, >2006). Different centres of the Consultative Group on International >Agricultural Research (CGIAR) have been working with partners in developing >countries to accelerate plant breeding practices through MAS. > >2.2 Genetic modification > >A genetically modified organism (GMO) is an organism in which one or more >genes (called transgenes) have been introduced into its genetic material from >another organism. The genes may be from a different kingdom (e.g. a bacterial >gene introduced into plant genetic material), a different species within the >same kingdom or even from the same species. For example, so-called 'Bt crops' >are crops containing genes derived from the soil bacterium Bacillus >thuriengensis coding for proteins that are toxic to insect pests that feed on >the crops. The issue of GMOs has been highly controversial over the past >decade. Many countries have introduced specific frameworks to regulate their >release and commercialization. > >GM crops were first grown commercially in the mid 1990s. While the majority >continues to be grown in developed countries, an increasing number of >developing countries are reported to be cultivating them. Recent estimates >(James, 2008) indicate that 10 developing countries planted over 50,000 >hectares of GM crops in 2008 i.e. Argentina (21.0 million hectares), Brazil >(15.8), India (7.6), China (3.8), Paraguay (2.7), South Africa (1.8), Uruguay >(0.7), Bolivia (0.6), Philippines (0.4) and Mexico (0.1). For comparison, in >1997 the only developing countries reported were Argentina (1.4 million >hectares), China (1.8) and Mexico (less than 0.1). Almost all GM crops grown >commercially are genetically modified for one or both of two main traits: >herbicide tolerance (63% of GM crops planted in 2008) or insect resistance >(15%), i.e. Bt crops, while 22% have both traits (James, 2008). > >Commercial release of GM forest trees has been reported in one country, >China. In 2002, approval was granted for the environmental release of two >kinds of Bt trees, the European black poplar (Populus nigra) and the hybrid >white poplar clone GM 741, together representing about 1.4 million plants on >300-500 hectares (FAO, 2004). Regarding GM livestock or fish, there has been >no commercial release for food and agriculture purposes in any developing or >developed country. > >Although documentation is generally quite poor, use of genetically modified >micro-organisms (GMMs) in the agro-industry and animal feed sector is routine >in developed countries and is also a reality in many developing countries. In >the agro-industry sector, use of enzymes, i.e. proteins that catalyse >specific chemical reactions, is important. Many of the enzymes used in the >food industry are commonly produced using GMMs. For example, since the early >1990s, preparations containing chymosin (an enzyme used to curdle milk in the >preliminary steps of cheese manufacture) derived from GM bacteria have been >available commercially (Ruane and Sonnino, 2006b). Similarly, many colours, >vitamins and essential amino acids used in the food industry are also from >GMMs. > >In animal nutrition, feed additives such as amino acids and enzymes are >widely used in developing countries. The greatest use is in pig and poultry >production where, over the last decade, intensification has increased, >further accelerating the demand for feed additives. For example, most >grain-based livestock feeds are deficient in essential amino acids such as >lysine, methionine and tryptophan and for high producing monogastric animals >(pigs and poultry) these amino acids are added to diets to increase >productivity. The amino acids in feed, L-lysine, DL-methionine, L-threonine >and L-tryptophan, constitute over half of the total amino acid market. In >India alone, the amino acid market amounts to about 5 million US dollars. The >essential amino acids are produced in some cases by GM strains of Escherichia >coli (FAO, 2009c). > >In the dairy industry, recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST), a protein >hormone from an Escherichia coli K-12 bacterium containing the cow >somatotropin gene, has been used to increase milk production in a number of >developing countries. Chauvet and Ochoa (1996) report that rBST was first >used in Mexico in 1990 and has been sold in a number of other developing >countries, including Brazil, Malaysia, South Africa and Zimbabwe. > >2.3 Chromosome number manipulation > >As mentioned earlier, genetic material is organized into sets of chromosomes >and each plant and animal species has a characteristic number of chromosomes. >Manipulation of whole sets of chromosomes is possible and is used for a range >of different purposes in agriculture. For example, fish and shellfish have >been extensively studied for manipulation of their chromosomes during early >stages of development. Using relatively simple techniques such as cold and >hot shocks it is possible to induce triploidy (i.e. with three sets of >chromosomes), leading to the production of nearly completely sterile >populations. Sterility may be desirable in conservation programs, where it >can prevent introgression of escaped individuals from commercial stocks into >natural populations. It may also be of interest in commercial fish >operations, e.g. when developing hybrid stocks or to prevent the side effects >of sexual maturation on carcass quality (FAO, 2009d). As in fish, induction >of sterility in crops may be desirable in certain breeding programmes, e.g. >to produce seedless fruits, and one of the most rapid and cost-effective >approaches is to create polyploids (i.e. with more than 2 complete sets of >chromosomes), especially triploids. Triploid varieties have been produced in >numerous fruit crops including most of the citrus fruits, acacias and the >kiwifruit (FAO, 2009a). > >Another example of chromosomal number modification in fish is the production >of haploid individuals after eggs are fertilized by sperm which do not >contribute genetic material (a process called gynogenesis) or when normal >sperm fertilize eggs whose DNA has been deactivated (a process called >androgenesis). In both cases the haploid chromosomes can then be duplicated >using shocks. The importance of gynogenesis/androgenesis is that it is >possible to develop inbred individuals, which may be useful in fish breeding >experiments aimed at producing clonal lines for detecting genomic regions >affecting quantitative traits (FAO, 2009d). > >In crops, chromosome doubling is one of the most important technologies for >the creation of fertile inter-specific hybrids (wide-crosses). Wide crossing >involves hybridizing a crop variety with a distantly related plant from >outside its normal sexually compatible gene pool. Its usual purpose is to >obtain a plant that is virtually identical to the original crop, except for a >few genes contributed by the distant relative. The technique has enabled >breeders to access genetic variation beyond the normal reproductive barriers >of their crops (FAO, 2009a). For example, the New Rice for Africa (NERICA) >hybrids are derived from crossing two species of cultivated rice, the African >rice and the Asian rice, combining the high yields from the Asian rice with >the ability of the African rice to thrive in harsh environments. > >Wide-hybrid plants are often sterile so their seed cannot be propagated, due >to differences between the sets of chromosomes inherited from genetically >divergent parental species that prevent stable chromosome pairing during >meiosis. However, if chromosome number is artificially doubled, the hybrid >may be able to produce functional pollen and eggs and be fertile. Colchicine >has been used for chromosome doubling in plants since the 1940s and has been >applied to more than 50 plant species, including most important annual crops. >More recently, several additional chromosome doubling agents, all of which >act as inhibitors of mitotic cell division, have been used in plant breeding >programmes. To date, with the help of chromosome doubling technology, >hundreds of new varieties have been produced worldwide (FAO, 2009a). > >In crops and forest trees, chromosome doubling has also been used, as for >fish, to generate 'doubled haploids'. The haploid plants can be produced >using anther culture which involves the in vitro culture of immature anthers >(i.e. the pollen-producing organs of the plant). As the pollen grains are >haploid, the resulting pollen-derived plants are also haploid (Sonnino et al, >2009). Doubled haploid plants were first produced in the 1960s using >colchicine and today, thermal shock or mannitol incubation can be used. They >may also be produced from ovule culture. Breeders value doubled haploid >plants because they are 100% homozygous so any recessive genes are readily >apparent. The time required after a conventional hybridization to select pure >lines carrying the required recombination of characters is thus drastically >reduced. Since the 1970s, doubled haploid methods have been used to create >new varieties of barley, wheat, rice, melon, pepper, tobacco, and several >Brassicas. In the developing world, a major centre of such breeding work is >China, where numerous haploid crops have been released and many more are >being developed. By 2003, China was cultivating over 2 million hectares of >doubled haploid varieties, the most important of which are rice, wheat, >tobacco and peppers (FAO, 2009a). > >2.4 Biotechnology-based diagnostics > >Applications of biotechnology for diagnostic purposes are important in crops, >forest trees, livestock and fish as well as for food safety purposes. Two >main kinds of methods are used, those based on the enzyme-linked >immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and those based on the polymerase chain reaction >(PCR). > >ELISA systems are antibody-based techniques for the determination of the >presence and quantity of specific molecules in a mixed sample. They are used >in a range of formats, both for the detection of pathogens and for detection >of antibodies produced by the host as a response to the pathogens, and a >range of commercial kits are available, e.g. to detect fish and shrimp >pathogens (Adams and Thompson, 2008). Some of the ELISA-based methods use >monoclonal antibodies, produced by a cell line that is both immortal and able >to produce highly specific antibodies, or polyclonal antibodies, produced by >many cell lines. In livestock, ELISAs form the large majority of prescribed >tests for the OIE notifiable animal diseases, and many diagnostic kits are >available in developing countries (FAO, 2009c). > >The PCR-based methods rely on the fact that each species of pathogen carries >a unique DNA or RNA sequence that can be used to identify it. PCR allows >production of a large quantity of a desired DNA from a complex mixture of >heterogeneous sequences. It can amplify a selected region of 50 to several >thousand DNA base pairs into billions of copies. After amplification, the >target DNA can be identified using techniques such as gel electrophoresis or >hybridization with a labeled nucleic acid (a probe). Real time PCR (or >quantitative PCR) enables quantification of DNA or RNA present in a sample. >The genomes of some viruses, such as the influenza A virus, are made of RNA >instead of DNA, and to identify RNA from these viruses a complementary DNA >(cDNA) copy of the RNA is first synthesized using an enzyme called reverse >transcriptase. The cDNA then acts as the template to be amplified by PCR >(FAO, 2009c). This method is called reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). > >PCR-based techniques offer high sensitivity and specificity and diagnostic >kits allow the rapid screening of the virus or bacteria and have a direct use >in situations where individuals show no antibody response after infection. >For example, molluscs do not produce antibodies, and therefore antibody-based >diagnostic tests are limited in their application to pathogen detection in >these species. In fisheries, PCR-related tools are increasingly being used in >developing countries, although they require detailed knowledge of the >genomics of the pathogen itself and extensive validation in practice (FAO, >2009d). > >In livestock, public sector production of diagnostic kits for animal diseases >in Asia and Latin America can be found in Brazil, Chile, China, India, Mexico >and Thailand. Research capabilities for development, standardization and >validation of diagnostic methods are also well advanced in these countries. >PCR-based diagnostics are increasingly being employed in developing countries >to back up findings from serological analyses. However, their use is largely >restricted to laboratories of research institutions and universities and to >the central and regional diagnostic laboratories run by governments (FAO, >2009c). In aquaculture, there are some highly integrated companies operating >in developing countries (e.g. in shrimp production) and these companies >commonly use PCR-based diagnostic systems, where the analyses are either >carried out by laboratories of the companies themselves or are outsourced to >specialized private laboratories. > >Biotechnology-based diagnostics are also important in food analysis. Many of >the classical food microbiological methods used in the past were >culture-based, with micro-organisms grown on agar plates and detected through >biochemical identification. These methods are often tedious, labour-intensive >and slow. Genetic based diagnostic and identification systems can greatly >enhance the specificity, sensitivity and speed of microbial testing. >Molecular typing methodologies, commonly involving PCR, ribotyping (a method >to determine homologies and differences between bacteria at the >species or subspecies/strain level, using RFLP analysis of ribosomal RNA >genes) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (a method of separating large DNA >molecules on agarose gels), can be used to characterize and monitor the >presence of spoilage flora (microbes causing food to become unfit for >eating), normal flora and microflora in foods (Ruane and Sonnino, 2006b, >chap. 6.1). RAPD or AFLP molecular marker systems can also be used for the >comparison of genetic differences among species, subspecies and strains, >depending on the reaction conditions used. The use of combinations of these >technologies and other genetic tests allows the characterization and >identification of organisms at the genus, species, subspecies and even strain >levels, thereby making it possible to pinpoint sources of food contamination, >to trace micro-organisms throughout the food chain or to identify the causal >agents of food-borne illnesses (Ruane and Sonnino, 2006b). > >2.5 Development of vaccines using biotechnologies > >Immunization can be one of the most effective means of preventing and hence >managing animal diseases. In general, vaccines offer considerable benefits >for comparative low cost, a primary consideration for developing countries. >In addition, development of good vaccines for important infectious diseases >can lead to reduced use of antibiotics, which is an important issue in >developing countries (FAO, 2009d). > >As described by Kurath (2008), biotechnology has been used extensively in the >development of vaccines for aquaculture, and is applied at each of the three >main stages of vaccine development i.e. >a) identification of potential antigen candidates that might be effective in >vaccines (where an antigen is a molecule, usually a protein foreign to the >fish, which elicits an immune response on first exposure to the immune system >by stimulating the production of antibodies specific to its various antigenic >determinants. During subsequent exposures, the antigen is bound and >inactivated by these antibodies) >b) construction of a new candidate vaccine (where biotechnology tools can be >used to produce different kinds of vaccines such as DNA vaccines, recombinant >vaccines or modified live recombinant viruses. For example, a DNA vaccine is >a circular DNA plasmid containing a gene for a protective antigenic protein >from a pathogen of interest [see Kurath, 2008 for more details]), and >c) assessment of candidate vaccine efficacy, its mode of action and the host >response (where e.g. quantitative RT-PCR [see Section 2.4] can be used to >examine the expression of fish genes related to immune responses). > >Of the countries that responded to a recent OIE survey, 4 out of 23 and 7 out >of 14 African and Asian countries respectively indicated that they produce or >use animal vaccines derived from biotechnology, including experimental use as >well as commercial release (MacKenzie, 2005). > >2.6 Reproductive biotechnologies > >A number of reproductive biotechnologies have been applied in developing >countries to influence the number (and sex) of offspring from given >individuals in fish and livestock populations. > >2.6.1 Artificial insemination > >In artificial insemination (AI), semen is collected from donor male animals, >diluted in suitable diluents and manually inseminated into the female >reproductive tract during oestrus (heat), to achieve pregnancy. The semen can >be fresh or preserved in liquid nitrogen and then thawed. Efficiency of AI >can be increased by monitoring progesterone levels, e.g. using ELISA, to >identify non-pregnant females, and/or by oestrus synchronization, where >females are treated with hormones to being them into oestrus at a desired >time. > >AI is widely used in developing countries (Chupin, 1992; FAO, 2007b). For >example, in India 34 million inseminations were carried out in 2007 while >about 8 million were carried out in Brazil (FAO, 2009c). For Africa, Asia and >Latin America and the Caribbean regions, AI is mostly used for cattle >production (dairy). Other species for which AI is used in all three >continents are sheep, goats, horses and pigs. In addition, in Asia, AI is >used for chickens, camels, buffaloes and ducks, and in Latin America and >Caribbean regions for rabbits, buffaloes, donkeys, alpacas and turkeys. For >the most part, semen from exotic breeds is used in local livestock >populations. To a lesser extent, semen from local breeds is also used for >this purpose. Most of the AI services are provided by the public sector but >the contribution of the private sector, breeding organizations and NGOs is >also substantial. In Africa and Asia, AI use is concentrated in peri-urban >areas (FAO, 2007b; FAO, 2009c). Progesterone monitoring and oestrous >synchronization have been applied in a number of developing countries. >Applications of oestrous synchronization have been limited to some >intensively managed farms where AI is routinely used (FAO, 2009c). > >2.6.2 Embryo transfer > >Embryo transfer (ET) involves the transfer of an embryo from a superior donor >female to a less valuable female animal. A donor is induced to superovulate >(produce several ova) through hormonal treatment. The ova obtained are then >fertilized within the donor, the embryos develop and are then removed and >implanted in recipient females for the remainder of the gestation period. >Alternatively, the embryos can be frozen for later use. > >FAO (2007b) reports that 5, 8 and 12 countries use ET in Africa, Asia and the >Latin America and the Caribbean region respectively. In the latter, ET is >increasingly used by commercial livestock producers and the species involved >are cattle (in all 12 countries) and alpacas, donkeys, goats, horses, llamas >and sheep (in 1 to 3 of these 12 countries). In Brazil and Chile, private >sector organizations are involved in providing the technology. > >2.6.3 Hormonal treatment in aquaculture > >In the same way as female reproduction in livestock can be controlled by >hormonal treatment, it is also an important tool in aquaculture where it is >applied for 2 main purposes. > >The first is to control reproduction of fish and shellfish, primarily to >induce the final phase of ova production in order to synchronize ovulation >and to enable broodstock to produce fish early in the season or when >environmental conditions suppress the spawning timing of females. Implants or >injection of the hormonal compound are used extensively in salmon farming >(FAO, 2009d). > >The second purpose is to develop monosex (single sex) populations, which can >be desirable in many situations. This can be, inter alia, because one sex is >superior in growth or has more desirable meat quality or to prevent >sexual/territorial behaviour. For example, female sturgeon are more valuable >than males because they produce caviar. Female salmon are the more valuable >sex, because sexually precocious males die before they can be harvested and >salmon roe has an economic value. Male tilapia are more desirable than >females because they grow twice as fast. In many fish and shellfish species, >sex is not permanently defined genetically and thus it can be altered in a >number of ways, including treatment with sexual hormones such as testosterone >or estrogen derivatives in early stages of development. To develop all-male >tilapia populations, methyltestosterone can be used while monosex trout can >be produced using androgens (FAO, 2009d). > >2.6.4 Sperm/embryo sexing > >In livestock, to get offspring of a desired sex (e.g. females are preferred >for dairy animals, males for beef animals), separation of X and Y sperm (e.g. >based on staining DNA with a fluorescent dye) for AI and sexing of embryos >(e.g. using specific DNA probes) can be used. Although these technologies are >being developed and refined in a number of research institutions, they are >not used at the field level in any of the developing countries, except China >(FAO, 2009c). > >2.7 Cryopreservation > >Cryopreservation, referring to the preservation of germplasm in a dormant >state by storage at ultra-low temperatures, usually in liquid nitrogen (-196 >°C), can be used to preserve biological material (e.g. seeds, sperm, embryos) >of crop, livestock, forest or fish populations for potential use in the >future (Ruane and Sonnino, 2006a). The technology can be used for genetic >improvement purposes and for management of genetic resources. In livestock, >cryopreservation has been used in a number of developing countries for ex >situ conservation of animal genetic resources, including Benin, Brazil, >China, India and Kenya (FAO, 2009c). In fish, cryopreservation of embryos is >not possible but sperm cryopreservation works for many species (Hiemstra et >al, 2006) and has been used in carp, salmon and trout breeding, especially >when the aim is to "refresh" populations that have gone through a bottleneck. > >Considering crops and forest trees, about 90% of the 6 million plant >accessions in genebanks, mainly crops, are stored in seed genebanks. However, >storage of seeds is not an option for crops or trees that do not produce >seed, such as banana, or that produce recalcitrant or non-orthodox seed (i.e. >seed that does not survive under cold storage and/or the drying conditions >used in conventional ex situ conservation), such as mango, coffee, oak and >several tropical forest tree species. In these situations, as well as for >long-term storage of seeds from orthodox species, cryopreservation offers an >alternative strategy for ex situ conservation, although its routine use is >still limited. Following plant cell, tissue or organ storage at low >temperatures, plants can be regenerated. For various herbaceous (i.e. >non-woody plants), hardwood (i.e. broadleaf, deciduous trees) and softwood >species (i.e. coniferous trees), cryopreservation of a wide range of tissues >and organs has been achieved. There is large scale application of shoot tip >cryopreservation in fruit crop germplasm collections, such as in plum and >apple. Seeds of most common agricultural and horticultural species can be >cryopreserved (Panis and Lambardi, 2006; Ruane and Sonnino, 2006a). > >2.8 Tissue culture-based techniques > >Tissue culture refers to the in vitro culture of plant cells, tissues or >organs in a nutrient medium under sterile conditions. It has been widely used >for over 50 years and is now employed to improve many of the most important >developing country crops (FAO, 2009a). There are a number of tissue >culture-based technologies and they can be employed for a range of different >purposes. Some of them, used with chromosome number manipulation, have >already been described in Section 2.3. Others include: > >2.8.1 Micropropagation > >Micropropagation is the laboratory practice of rapidly multiplying stock >plant material to produce a large number of progeny plants, using plant >tissue culture methods. For instance, shoot tips of banana or potato are >excised from healthy plants and cultivated on gelatinized nutrient media in >sterile conditions (in test tubes, plastic flasks, or baby food jars), so >that contamination with pests and pathogens is avoided. The obtained >plantlets can be multiplied an unlimited number of times, by cutting them in >single-node pieces and cultivating the cuttings in similar aseptic >conditions. Millions of plantlets can be produced this way in a very short >time. The plantlets are then transplanted in the field or nurseries, where >they grow and yield low-cost, disease-free propagation materials, ready to be >distributed to farmers (Sonnino et al, 2009). Even if healthy plants are not >available initially, specific in vitro techniques can also be applied to >produce disease-free propagation material. > >Today, micropropagation is widely used in a range of developing country >subsistence crops including banana, cassava, potato and sweetpotato; >commercial plantation crops, such as oil palm, coffee, cocoa, sugarcane and >tea; niche crops such as cardamom and vanilla; and fruit trees such as >almond, citrus, coconut, mango and pineapple. Some of the many countries with >significant crop micropropagation programs include Argentina, Cuba, Gabon, >India, Indonesia, Kenya, Nigeria, Philippines, South Africa, Uganda and >Vietnam (FAO, 2009a). > >2.8.2 In vitro slow growth storage > >Micropropagation procedures have been developed for over 1,000 plant species, >many of which are today micropropagated commercially. The procedures include >rapid multiplication, involving rapid growth and frequent subculture >(regeneration) which is generally the objective of commercial >micropropagation. Instead, the basis of successful in vitro storage of stock >cultures is to increase the interval between subcultures by retarding the >growth without any deleterious effects on the plants in culture. The strategy >is used to conserve plant genetic resources and in vitro slow growth >procedures can be used so that plant material can be held 1-15 years under >tissue culture conditions with periodic subculturing, depending on the >species. Normally, growth is limited using low temperatures often in >combination with low light intensity or even darkness. Temperatures in the >range of 0-5 °C are employed for cold-tolerant species and 15-20 °C for >tropical species. Growth can also be limited by modifying the culture medium >and reducing oxygen levels available to the cultures (Ruane and Sonnino, >2006a; Rao, 2004). > >2.8.3 In vitro embryo rescue > >Wide crossing (see Section 2.3) has only become possible by advances in plant >tissue culture. A particular challenge was to overcome the biological >mechanisms that normally prevent inter-specific and inter-genus crosses, as a >high proportion of wide-hybrid seeds either do not develop to maturity or do >not contain a viable embryo. To avoid spontaneous abortion, embryos are >removed from the ovule at the earliest possible stage and placed into culture >in vitro. Mortality rates can be high, but enough embryos normally survive >the rigors of removal, transfer, tissue culture, and regeneration to produce >adult hybrid plants for testing and further crossing (FAO, 2009a). > >First-generation, wide-hybrid plants are rarely suitable for cultivation >because they have only received half of their genes from the crop parent. > >From the other (non-crop) parent they have received, not only the small >number of desirable genes, but also thousands of undesirable genes that must >be removed by further manipulation. This is achieved by crossing the hybrid >with the original crop plant, plus another round of embryo rescue, to grow up >the new hybrids. This 'backcrossing' process is repeated for about six >generations (sometimes more), until a plant is obtained that is almost >identical to the original crop parent, except that it now contains a small >number of desirable genes from the non-crop parent plant. Wide-crossing >programs can take more than a decade to complete, although MAS and anther >culture can be used to speed up the process (FAO, 2009a). > >Embryo rescue has been used occasionally in forest tree species, but its >application is likely to be limited to a small number of hybrids of interest, >which are sufficiently close to produce a normal embryo but where embryo >development in vivo is a limiting factor (FAO, 2009b). > >2.9 Mutagenesis > >This involves the use of mutagenic agents, such as chemicals or radiation, to >modify DNA and hence create novel phenotypes. Induced mutagenesis has been >used in crop breeding programs in developing countries since the 1930s. It >also includes somaclonal mutagenesis, involving changes in DNA induced during >in vitro culture. Somaclonal variation is normally regarded as an undesirable >by-product of the stresses imposed on a plant by subjecting it to tissue >culture. However, provided they are carefully controlled, somaclonal changes >in cultured plant cells can generate variation useful to crop breeders (FAO, >2009a). In forestry, use of somaclonal variation has been a popular subject >for research, particularly during the 1980s, but the technology is generally >seen to offer little for the genetic improvement of most major industrial >forest tree species (FAO, 2009b). > >Almost 3,000 new crop varieties have been developed and released by countries >using mutation-assisted plant breeding strategies and an estimated 100 >countries currently use induced mutation technology (FAO/IAEA, 2008; IAEA, >2008). Case studies from Kenya (wheat), Peru (barley), sub-Saharan Africa >(cassava) and Vietnam (rice) are described in IAEA (2008). > >In the livestock sector, mutagenesis has also been used in developing >countries. The sterile insect technique (SIT) for control of insects (e.g. >screwworm and tsetse flies) relies on the introduction of sterility in the >females of the wild population. The sterility is produced following the >mating of females with released males carrying, in their sperm, dominant >lethal mutations that have been induced by ionizing radiation. This method is >usually applied as part of an area-wide integrated pest management approach >and has been applied in developing countries in the livestock sector as well >as for the control of crop pests (FAO, 2009c). An estimated 30 countries use >SIT against insect pests, including Chile and Peru (FAO/IAEA, 2008). > >Mutagenesis is also extensively used to improve the quality of >micro-organisms and their enzymes or metabolites used in food processing. The >process involves the production of mutants through the exposure of microbial >strains to mutagenic chemicals or ultraviolet rays. Improved strains thus >produced are selected on the basis of specific properties such as improved >flavour-producing ability or resistance to bacterial viruses (FAO, 2009e). > >2.10 Fermentation > >Fermentation is the process of bioconversion of organic substances by >micro-organisms and/or enzymes of microbial, plant or animal origin. During >fermentation, various biochemical activities take place leading to the break >down of complex substances into simple substances and resulting in the >production of a diversity of metabolites including simpler forms of proteins, >carbohydrates, fats, such as sugars, amino acids, lipids, as well as new >compounds such as antimicrobial compounds (e.g. lysozyme, bactericins); >organic acids (e.g. lactic acid, acetic acid, citric acid); texture-forming >agents (e.g. xanthan gum); and flavours (esters and aldehydes). Apart from >the various new products that are yielded during fermentation, the process is >widely known for its preservative benefits (Ruane and Sonnino, 2006b, chapter >6.1). > >The new products that emerge following fermentation have been found to have >potential for longer shelf lives, and they have characteristics quite >different from the original substrates from which they are formed. >Fermentation is globally applied to preserve a wide range of raw agricultural >materials (cereals, roots, tubers, fruit and vegetables, milk, meat and fish, >etc.). Commercially produced fermented foods which are marketed globally >include dairy products (cheese, yogurt, fermented milks), sausages and soy >sauce (Ruane and Sonnino, 2006b). Fermentation of sugars is also central to >production of bioethanol from agricultural feedstocks (FAO, 2008b). > >Certain micro-organisms associated with fermented foods, in particular >strains of the Lactobacillus species, are probiotic i.e. used as live >microbial dietary supplements or food ingredients that have a beneficial >effect on the host by influencing the composition and/or metabolic activity >of the flora of the gastrointestinal tract (Ruane and Sonnino, 2006b). They >can also be used as feed additives for monogastric and ruminant animals, and >have been applied for this purpose in China, India and Indonesia (FAO, >2009c). > >In developing countries, fermented foods are produced generally at the >household and village level, using traditional processes that are >uncontrolled and dependent on spontaneous 'chance' micro-organisms from the >environment. Modern fermentation processes employ the use of well constructed >vessels (fermenters/bioreactors), with appropriate controlled mechanisms for >temperatures, pH, nutrients levels, oxygen tensions among others and also use >selected micro-organisms and/or enzymes for their operations (FAO, 2009e; >Ruane and Sonnino, 2006b). > >2.11 Biofertilisers > >Soils are dynamic living systems that contain a variety of micro-organisms >such as bacteria, fungi and algae. Maintaining a favourable population of >useful microflora is important from a fertility standpoint. The most commonly >exploited micro-organisms are those that help in fixing atmospheric nitrogen >for plant uptake or in solubilizing/mobilizing soil nutrients such as >unavailable phosphorus into plant-available forms, in addition to secreting >growth-promoting substances for enhancing crop yield. As a group, such >microbes are called biofertilisers or microbial inoculants. They can be >generally defined as preparations containing live or latent cells of >efficient strains of nitrogen-fixing, phosphate-solubilizing or cellulolytic >micro-organisms used for application to seed or soil with the objective of >increasing the numbers of such micro-organisms and accelerating certain >microbial processes to augment the availability of nutrients in a form that >plants can assimilate readily (Motsara and Roy, 2008). Biofertilisers have >been used in a number of developing countries, such as Kenya and Thailand, >often involving nitrogen-fixing Rhizobia bacteria (Sonnino et al, 2009). > >2.12 Biopesticides > >Living organisms that are harmful to plants and cause biotic stresses are >collectively called pests, and they cause tremendous economic damage to plant >production worldwide. Biopesticides are mass-produced, biologically based >agents used for the control of plant pests. They can be living organisms, >such as micro-organisms, or naturally occurring substances, such as plant >extracts or insect pheromones. Micro-organisms used as biopesticides include >bacteria, protozoa, fungi and viruses and they are used in a range of >different crops (Chandler et al, 2008). > >For example, different biopesticides are available for controlling locusts. >As an illustration, a biopesticide containing spores of the fungus >Metarhizium anisopliae, was used to control a migratory locust infestation in >an FAO project in 2007 in Timor-Leste. Surveys revealed that an area of about >20,000 hectares was infested with gregarious nymphs and that there was a >serious threat to the rice crop. The target area was considered unsuitable >for chemical spraying because of high density human settlement and many water >courses, so the infestation was treated with the biopesticide, targeting >flying swarms using a helicopter, spraying in a time period of over one month >(FAO, 2009f). Note, biopesticides generally have a slow action compared to >conventional chemicals and, for that reason, the latter are preferred if >crops are under immediate threat. > >3. Specific Points About This E-mail Conference > >The general aim of the e-mail conference is to bring together and discuss >relevant, often previously un-documented, past experiences of applying >biotechnologies at the field level (i.e. used by farmers for commercial >production) in developing countries, ascertain the success or failure (be it >partial or total) of their application, and determine and evaluate the key >factors that were responsible for their success or failure. The conference >does not cover experiences in developed countries. > >3.1 Issues to be addressed in the e-mail conference > >For any one (or combination) of the biotechnologies described in Section 2, >considering its application at the field level in one of the different food >and agricultural sectors (crops, livestock, forestry, fishery or >agro-industry), in any particular developing country or region, and in any >specific time period over the past 20 years: >- provide an overall assessment of the experience of applying the >biotechnology i.e. was it a success or failure, partial or full (and provide >a justification for this assessment) >- based on this, describe some of the key features that determined its >partial or complete success (or failure) >- if possible, indicate how transferable these results might be to other a) >developing countries/regions b) biotechnologies and c) food and agricultural >sectors >- indicate any lessons that can be drawn from this experience that may be >important for applications of agricultural biotechnology in developing >countries in the future > >3.2 Defining success and failure > >When considering a certain situation where a biotechnology was implemented in >a specific developing country, sector and time period, and attempting to >assess it as a full or partial success (or failure), a number of different >aspects can be taken into consideration, such as any potential impacts its >application had of a socio-economic, cultural, regulatory, environmental, >agro-ecological, nutritional, health and hygiene, consumer interest and >perceptions, sustainable livelihoods, equity, technology transfer or food >security nature. For example, if we consider the use of a reproductive >technology such as artificial insemination in a certain livestock species >(e.g. dairy cattle) in a given developing country, some of the factors which >might influence whether we would consider it to be a success or failure could >include the impact that applying the biotechnology had on: >- milk production (the trait of main interest) >- other traits, such as cow fertility and health, that can be indirectly >affected (often negatively) by improvements in milk production >- trade (e.g. did use of the biotechnology result in surpluses that led to >creation of new trade opportunities? Alternatively, did its use result in >closure of some existing markets, e.g. due to regulatory issues?). >- economic returns to the farmer, considering the increased financial returns >from increased milk yields as well as any additional costs from using the >biotechnology, such as the cost of inseminating the cow, any additional feed >or veterinary bills, etc. >- food security (e.g. was more milk produced, leading to greater food >security?) >- equity (e.g. was use of the biotechnology restricted to already-rich >farmers or did its use also extend to the more food-insecure smallholders; >also who gained from sale of the biotechnology itself ? [e.g. were the AI >services provided by a foreign multinational company or by a local farmers >co-operative]) >- consumer interests (did use of the biotechnology produce a negative >consumer reaction, resulting in reduced milk consumption?) >- genetic resources (e.g. if AI was used to cross local females with semen >from bulls of developed countries, did it result in erosion of valuable >genetic resources in developing countries) >- technical aspects related to applying the biotechnology (e.g. did it work >properly, was much training/equipment needed for people to use it?) >- any unexpected impacts of using the biotechnology. > >The number of potential factors that could influence the overall assessment >of the biotechnology as a success or failure (partial or complete) is >therefore quite large and, for a given case, some of the factors might be >negative and others positive. Thus, the fact that a certain biotechnology has >been used (and maybe continues to be used) does not mean per se that it has >been a success, although in certain cases, it may be considered as an >indicator of success. > >A major hurdle to determining fully whether specific applications of >biotechnology have been a success or failure is that there is normally a lack >of solid, scientifically sound data and documentation about the impacts of >their application on people's livelihoods and their socio-economic conditions >etc. (Sonnino et al, 2009). Indeed, one of the aims of this e-mail conference >is to try and get a better insight and more information on such areas. > >3.3 Covering GM versus non-GM biotechnologies > >The conference will be moderated and one of the Moderator's main tasks is to >ensure that all of the biotechnologies as well as all of the food and >agricultural sectors are adequately covered in the conference. As anyone >following this area knows, the topic of genetic modification, and GMOs, is >one of major interest and has been the object of a highly polarized debate, >particularly concerning GM crops. One of the consequences of this is that the >actual impacts and the potential benefits of the many non-GM biotechnologies >have tended to be neglected. However, to learn from the past regarding >applications of agricultural biotechnologies in developing countries, the >entire range of biotechnologies should be considered as there may be many >specificities related to any particular biotechnology tool, regarding aspects >such as its financial, technical and human capacity requirements, its purpose >(e.g. genetic improvement, genetic resources management or disease >diagnosis), its potential impacts etc. For this reason, we ask participants >to ensure that all the biotechnologies and all the food and agricultural >sectors are covered adequately. In addition, regarding GMOs, discussion in >the conference should not consider the issues of whether GMOs should or >should not be used per se or the attributes, positive or negative, of GMOs >themselves. Instead, the goal is to bring together and discuss specific >experiences of applying biotechnologies (including genetic modification) in >the past in developing countries. > >3.4 Submitting a message > >Before submitting a message, participants are requested to: >a) ensure that it considers the issues mentioned above in Section 3 and the >biotechnologies mentioned in Section 2 >b) limit its length to 600 words >c) read the Rules of the Forum and the Guidelines for Participation in the >E-mail Conferences. These were provided by e-mail when joining the Forum, and >they can also be found at http://www.fao.org/biotech/forum.asp. One important >rule is that participants are assumed to be speaking in their personal >capacity, unless they explicitly state that their contribution represents the >views of their organization. > >When submitting their first message, participants should introduce themselves >briefly, providing also their full address at the end of the message. > >4. References, Abbreviations and Acknowledgements > >Adams, A. and K.D. Thompson. 2008. Recent applications of biotechnology to >novel diagnostics for aquatic animals. OIE Scientific and Technical Review >27: 197-209. http://www.oie.int/boutique/extrait/16adams197210.pdf > >Chandler, D., Davidson, G., Grant, W.P., Greaves, J. and G.M. Satchel. 2008. >Microbial biopesticides for integrated crop management: an assessment of >environmental and regulatory sustainability. Trends in Food Science and >Technology 19: 275-283. > >Chauvet, M. and M.R. Ochoa. 1996. An appraisal of the use of rBST in Mexico. >Biotechnology and Development Monitor 27: 6-7. >http://www.biotech-monitor.nl/2703.htm > >Chupin, D. 1992. Résultats d'une enquête sur l'état de l'insémination >artificielle dans les pays en développement. Elevage et Insémination, 252: >1-26. > >FAO, 2004. Preliminary review of biotechnology in forestry, including genetic >modification. Forest Genetic Resources Working Paper FGR/59E. >http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/ae574e/ae574e00.htm > >FAO, 2007a. Marker-assisted selection: Current status and future perspectives >in crops, livestock, forestry and fish. By E. Guimarães, J. Ruane, B. Scherf, >A. Sonnino and J. Dargie (eds.). FAO. >http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a1120e/a1120e00.htm > >FAO, 2007b. The state of capacities in animal genetic resources management: >Reproductive and molecular biotechnology. Chapter 3.D in 'The state of the >world's animal genetic resources for food and agriculture'. By B. Rischkowsky >& D. Pilling (eds.). http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a1250e/a1250e00.htm > >FAO, 2008a. The state of food insecurity in the world: High food prices and >food security - threats and opportunities. http://www.fao.org/SOF/sofi/ > >FAO, 2008b. The role of agricultural biotechnologies for production of >bioenergy in developing countries. Background Document to Conference 15 of >the FAO Biotechnology Forum (10 November to 7 December 2008). >http://www.fao.org/biotech/C15doc.htm > >FAO, 2009a. Background document to ABDC-09. Biotechnology applications in >crops in developing countries. When finalized, available at >http://www.fao.org/biotech/abdc/backdocs/en/ > >FAO, 2009b. Background document to ABDC-09. Biotechnology applications in >forestry in developing countries. When finalized, available at >http://www.fao.org/biotech/abdc/backdocs/en/ > >FAO, 2009c. Background document to ABDC-09. Biotechnology applications in >livestock in developing countries. When finalized, available at >http://www.fao.org/biotech/abdc/backdocs/en/ > >FAO, 2009d. Background document to ABDC-09. Biotechnology applications in >fisheries and aquaculture in developing countries. When finalized, available >at http://www.fao.org/biotech/abdc/backdocs/en/ > >FAO, 2009e. Background document to ABDC-09. Biotechnology applications in >food processing and food safety in developing countries. When finalized, >available at http://www.fao.org/biotech/abdc/backdocs/en/ > >FAO, 2009f. Report of the 39th session of the FAO Desert Locust Control >Committee, Rome, Italy, 10-13 March 2009. >http://www.fao.org/ag/locusts/common/ecg/1665/en/DLCC39e.pdf > >FAO/IAEA, 2008. Atoms for food: A global partnership. >http://www.iaea.or.at/Publications/Booklets/Fao/fao1008.pdf > >Hiemstra, S.T. van der Lende, T. and H. Woelders. 2006. Potential of >cryopreservation and reproductive technologies for animal genetic resources >conservation strategies. In 'The role of biotechnology in exploring and >protecting agricultural genetic resources'. By J. Ruane and A. Sonnino >(eds.). FAO. http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0399e/A0399E06.htm#ch2.1 > >IAEA, 2008. Nuclear science for food security. IAEA press release. >http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/PressReleases/2008/prn200820.html > >James, C. 2008. Global status of commercialized biotech/GM crops: 2008. >http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/39/default.html > >Kurath, G. 2008. Biotechnology and DNA vaccines for aquatic animals. OIE >Scientific and Technical Review 27: 175-196. >http://www.oie.int/boutique/extrait/15kurath175196.pdf > >MacKenzie, A.M. 2005. Application of genetic engineering for livestock and >biotechnology products. 73rd OIE General Session. >ftp://ftp.fao.org/codex/ccfbt5/bt0503ae.pdf > >Motsara, M.R. and R.N. Roy. 2008. Guide to laboratory establishment for plant >nutrient analysis. FAO Fertilizer and Plant Nutrition Bulletin 19. >http://www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0131e/i0131e00.htm > >Panis, B. and Lambardi, M. 2006. Status of cryopreservation technologies in >plants (crops and forest trees). In 'The role of biotechnology in exploring >and protecting agricultural genetic resources'. By J. Ruane and A. Sonnino >(eds.), pp. 61-78. FAO. >http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0399e/A0399E06.htm#ch2.2 > >Paterson, A.H. et al. 2009. The Sorghum bicolor genome and the >diversification of grasses. Nature 457: 551-556. >http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v457/n7229/full/nature07723.html > >Rao, N.K. 2004. Plant genetic resources: Advancing conservation and use >through biotechnology. African Journal of Biotechnology 3: 136-145. >http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB/PDF/Pdf2004/Feb/Rao.pdf > >Ruane, J. and A. Sonnino, 2006a. Background document to the e-mail conference >on the role of biotechnology for the characterization and conservation of >crop, forest, animal and fishery genetic resources in developing countries. >In 'The role of biotechnology in exploring and protecting agricultural >genetic resources'. By J. Ruane and A. Sonnino (eds.), pp. 151-172. FAO. >http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0399e/A0399E09.htm#ch4.1 > >Ruane, J. and A. Sonnino. 2006b. Results from the FAO Biotechnology Forum: >Background and dialogue on selected issues. FAO Research and Technology Paper >11. http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0744e/a0744e00.htm > >Sonnino, A., Dhlamini, Z., Mayer-Tasch, L. and F.M. Santucci. 2009. Assessing >the socio-economic impacts of non-transgenic biotechnologies in developing >countries. In 'Socio-economic impacts of non-transgenic biotechnologies in >developing countries: The case of plant micropropagation in Africa'. By A. >Sonnino, Z. Dhlamini, F.M. Santucci and P. Warren (eds.). FAO. >http://www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0340e/i0340e00.htm > >Varshney, R.K., Hoisington, D.A. and A.K. Tyagi, 2006. Advances in cereal >genomics and applications in crop breeding. Trends in Biotechnology 24: >490-499. > >ABBREVIATIONS: AFLP = Amplified fragment length polymorphism; AI = Artificial >insemination; Bt = Bacillus thuringiensis; ELISA = Enzyme-linked >immunosorbent assay; ET = Embryo transfer; FAO = Food and Agriculture >Organization of the United Nations; GMM = Genetically modified >micro-organism; GMO = Genetically modified organism; IAEA = International >Atomic Energy Agency; MAS = Marker-assisted selection; OIE = World >Organisation for Animal Health; PCR = Polymerase chain reaction; RAPD = >Random amplified polymorphic DNA; rBST = recombinant bovine somatotropin; >RFLP = Restriction fragment length polymorphism; RT-PCR = reverse >transcriptase PCR; SIT = Sterile insect technique. > >ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: This document was prepared by John Ruane and Andrea >Sonnino, from the FAO Working Group on Biotechnology. Grateful appreciation >is expressed to the following people for their comments on the document: To >the external referees: Harinder P.S. Makkar (University of Hohenheim, >Germany, >https://www.uni-hohenheim.de/1597.html?typo3state=persons&lsfid=3199) Victor >Martinez (Universidad de Chile, Chile, http://www.genetica-animal.uchile.cl) >Denis J. Murphy (University of Glamorgan, United Kingdom, >http://people.glam.ac.uk/view/184) and Rajeev Varshney (International Crops >Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, India, >http://www.icrisat.org/CEG/index.htm, and Generation Challenge Programme, >Mexico, http://www.generationcp.org/subprogramme2.php) as well as to FAO >colleagues: Nuria Alba, Zohra Bennadji and Preetmoninder Lidder. > >FAO, 4 June 2009. > >Recommended reference for this publication: >FAO, 2009. Learning from the past: Successes and failures with agricultural >biotechnologies in developing countries over the last 20 years. Background >Document to Conference 16 of the FAO Biotechnology Forum (8 June to 5 July >2009): http://www.fao.org/biotech/C16doc.htm > >Copyright FAO 2009 Dr J.F. Baroiller CIRAD-Persyst, UPR20 Aquaculture et gestion des ressources aquatiques Campus International de Baillarguet TA B-20/A, Bur.A18 34398 Montpellier cedex 5 France (: 33.(0)4.67.59.39.51 (ligne directe); 33.(0)4.67.59.39.05 (sec) Fax : 33.(0)4.67.59.38.25 * <mailto:baroiller@cirad.fr>baroiller(a)cirad.fr http://aquatrop.cirad.fr/

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Re: [Sarnissa-french-aquaculture] proposition de l' étude d' un cas
by Shango Mutambw 05 Jun '09

05 Jun '09

Nous attendons les conclusions de la table ronde des pieds fermes et à bras ouverts. Salut Prof MUTAMBUE SHANGO Secrétaire Académique et de la Recherche ERAIFT / Université de Kinshasa B.P. 15.373, Kinshasa République Démocratique du Congo Tel : 00 243 815830347 --- En date de : Jeu 4.6.09, Lionel Dabbadie <lionel.dabbadie(a)cirad.fr> a écrit : De: Lionel Dabbadie <lionel.dabbadie(a)cirad.fr> Objet: Re: [Sarnissa-french-aquaculture] proposition de l' étude d' un cas À: sarnissa-french-aquaculture(a)lists.stir.ac.uk Date: Jeudi 4 Juin 2009, 12h02 Le 4 juin 09 à 15:57, ANDRE Mulangu a écrit : > je suis entrain de préparer la table ronde agricole qui doit > intervenir d' ici 20 jours dans notre province. Bonjour, C'est une table ronde en rapport avec l'aquaculture ? Merci et bien amicalement Lionel -- http://agents.cirad.fr/index.php/lionel.dabbadie _______________________________________________ Sarnissa-french-aquaculture mailing list Sarnissa-french-aquaculture(a)lists.stir.ac.uk http://lists.stir.ac.uk/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/sarnissa-french-aquaculture

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[Sarnissa-french-aquaculture] salut lionel
by pierre ngam a kowo 05 Jun '09

05 Jun '09

Salut lionel je profite de l'occasion dont tu m'offres pour me présenter. En fait, je suis un camerounais agé de 32 ans. je suis diplômé en communication et je suis cadre à la Cellule de la Communication et de la documentation de l'Institut de Recherche Agricole pour le Développement (IRAD) du Cameroun. En février dernier, j'ai participé à l'atelier SARNISSA afin d'assurer la couverture médiatique dudit évènement.Ce qui a succité en moi un grand intérêt pour l'Aquaculture qui si elle est intégrée dans les habitudes des populations participe à l'amélioration de leurs conditions de vie. Raison pour laquelle , je me suis inscrit sur ce forum dans le but d'avoir des connaissances de base en aquaculture et j'espère que vous m'aiderai à y arriver. Par ailleurs, je sais aussi que mes connaissances en communication pourraient être important pour ce combat qui désormais est le notre car le volet communication y est important.Merci Pierre Valentin NGAM A KOWO Cellule de Communication de l'Institut de Recherche Agricole pour le Dévelopement(IRAD) Tél: 00 237 75 63 12 43 Yaoundé- Cameroun

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[Sarnissa-french-aquaculture] [Cameroun] Possibilité de stage sur la Ferme Agro Piscicole d’Esse Cameroun
by Lionel Dabbadie 04 Jun '09

04 Jun '09

http://www.communique-de-presse-gratuit.com/emploi-enseignement-et-formatio… Stage au Cameroun Un stage en Afrique idéal pour les personnes qui veulent voyager au Cameroun Lancement du site web http://www.fermeagropiscicoleesse.e-monsiste.com/ La Ferme Agro Piscicole d’Esse Cameroun ( FAPE) annonce le lancement de son site Web Offre des possibilités de voyages en Afrique Le site permet aux personnes intéressées par un voyage en Afrique pour des raisons professionnelles (études et recherches, missions humanitaires…), de formation (stage dans le domaine du développement rural en Afrique, recherches appliquées…) de découvrir l’environnement que nous offrons et de se décider en conséquence. Nous sommes une ferme de production qui cherche des alternatives aux modes d’organisation de la production en zone de forêt qui restent préjudiciables à l’environnement. Pour nous contacter : fermeagropiscicoleessefape(a)yahoo.fr Pour mieux nous connaître, visitez http://www.fermeagropiscicoleesse.e-monsiste.com/ -- http://agents.cirad.fr/index.php/lionel.dabbadie

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